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states of emergencyExplanation ... Based Land Measures Act No 108 of 1991 Both the above Acts introduced freedom of movement for South African citizens (i.e. excluding the TBVC states) (RRS 1986: 343). However, according to the South African Institute of Race Relations, ‘shifting the basis of discrimination from race to ... ... security forces. Killings by the the SAP, Ciskei security forces and SADF show a peak similar to killings allegedly committed by the SAP during the states of emergency years: 11 Unlike the national picture, the Eastern Cape does not reflect a peak in the killings attributed to the SAP in 1976 ... ... mechanisms. Commenced: 1 August 19801980 Public Security Further Amendment Act No 20: Made further amendments regarding the declaration of states of emergency. Commenced: 6 June 1980 1980 Second Public Security Further Amendment Act No 31: As above. Commenced: 1 August 1980 1983 ... ... policing powers of search and seizure. Commenced: 9 March 1985 1985 Maintenance of Law and Order Act No 13: Provided for state declaration of states of emergency and suppression of uprising. Repealed a number of South African Acts but not the 1953 Public Safety Act [SA]. This was not ... ... These and other NGOs often worked shoulder to shoulder in joint social campaigns: calling for the release of political prisoners, the lifting of states of emergency, the withdrawal of troops from the townships, the abolition of the death penalty, the lifting of restrictions on the media and ... ... which shows the three organisations named in the highest numbers of allegations, it can be seen that most of the killings took place during the states of emergency. 11 The peaks of killings in 1976 (the Soweto uprising) and the states of emergency are attributed to the SAP, with ... ... between the two, and the campaign for the international isolation of the South African government. 135 During its life-span, the UDF went through states of emergency, mass detentions of its members and leadership, and victimisation of its leaders, mainly by state surrogate forces. The state ... ... of detention could be extended almost indefinitely. Thousands of people, mostly black men, were incarcerated under these provisions during the states of emergency in the mid- to late 1980s. The wide-ranging powers given to the police, including extensive indemnity provision, and the lack of ... BEING INVOLVED IN GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS, THUS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PREVAILING CULTURE OF IMPUNITY; RECOMMENDED THAT THE GOVERNMENT IMPOSE STATES OF EMERGENCY, UNDER WHICH GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTED AGAINST PERSONS OPPOSED TO THE GOVERNMENT INCREASED, AND ASSISTED THE ... ... 1987, then Minister of Defence Magnus Malan warned that the South African security forces would “sniff out” any ANC guerrillas in neighbouring states and wipe them out. Ten days later on 8 April, then Minister of Foreign Affairs Pik Botha claimed ANC “terrorists” were planning to disrupt ... ... chart shows how the killings allegedly committed by the SAP feature during all periods8, with peaks in 1976 (the Soweto uprising), 1985 to 1987 (states of emergency) and 1990 (the unbanning of organisations), followed by a steady decrease in killings during the 1990s. 35 Killings attributed ... ... a state of emergency was declared in terms of Proclamations 400 and 413, prohibiting meetings and giving chiefs powers of banishment. Mbeki states that 4 769 people were detained during 1960, 2 067 of whom were eventually brought to trial. By the end of 1960, the uprising appears to have ... ... body is the ANC. 44 Looking at the pattern of alleged torture by the top three organisations over time shows that it was at its worst during the states of emergency: 45 During all periods, the most instances of torture were attributed to the SAP, with steep peaks during the states of ... ... the country as a whole, the chart showing alleged torture by the top three organisations against time indicates that it was at its worst during the states of emergency:
20 Most instances of torture were attributed to the SAP, with a large peak during the mid 1980s. There is a drop after the ... ... the level of co-operation between the covert units of the SAP, Vlakplaas and the SADF Special Forces. In his amnesty application Mr Willem Schoon states that he discussed the booby-trapped hand grenades with Major General Joep Joubert of the SADF Special Forces. He was told that Special Forces ... ... on Free Political Activity Act No 206 of 19931976 Internal Security Amendment Act No 79: S Removed the requirement that internment be linked with states of emergency. It amended five other Security Acts and embodied the 1967 Suppression of Communism Act with some amendments. The ‘Sobukwe’ ... ... confinement for seven months before being released. 67 Mr Danile Landingwe [CT01311], also part of the SASO group taken to Pretoria in 1974, states that he faced repeated detentions, assault and torture: The interrogation started daily. I was assaulted and I lost two teeth. Spyker van Wyk ... Accountability and law enforcement: exercise of police powers 144 States normally enjoy a monopoly over the legitimate use of force. Certain bodies and officials, primarily the police services, are empowered to use force to uphold the rule of law and to maintain public order. As in the case of ... ... : As a first step, the task team should expand on the Commission’s list of incidents during periods of unrest, particularly during the various states of emergency. The list should detail key localities and time periods. Compiling such a list requires the utilisation of a range of sources – ... ... their extremely wide legal boundaries, they defended and covered up their actions. In addition to the indemnity provisions prevailing during the states of emergency, police accused of using excessive force could rely on the full support of their superiors, the silence of their peers (who would ... |
